We performed Y-maze tests weekly from week 0 to 10 during the drug administration. APP/PS1 mice were administered with 10 mg/kg of EPPS and 0.1 mg/kg of donepezil – concentrations of which were determined to show substantial effects of drugs based on aforementioned behaviour tests – by drinking water for 11 weeks (n = 9). Co-administration of EPPS and donepezil results in rapid and sustained recovery of cognitive function To observe whether EPPS and donepezil are complementary to each other in the AD treatment, we used aged APP/PS1 model mice (male, 50 weeks of age) and their age-matching wild-type (WT, n = 17) controls. Collectively, donepezil administration resulted in rapid recovery of cognitive ability within a week, which started to decline gradually over the course of the drug administration. Quantification analyses showed that area but not number of Aβ plaques were decreased ( P = 0.0072, and P = 0.0115, respectively) compared to non-treated APP/PS1 mice, suggesting that donepezil exhibits weak inhibitory effect against Aβ aggregation. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA test showed a significant genotype effect ( F(1, 14) = 72.86, P. We subjected the mice to weekly Y-maze tests during the EPPS treatment and recorded the sequences of arm entries to analyse the percent alternations reflecting spatial working memory of mice. To determine the minimum duration and dosage of EPPS administration for its therapeutic effect, the lower dosages of EPPS (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg/day, n = 5, 7, 9, and 9, respectively) were administered orally to APP/PS1 mice daily for 10 weeks. In the previous study, we observed clearance of Aβ aggregates and recovery of cognitive impairments in the same mouse model by long-term administration of EPPS in 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg/day. The APP/PS1 model is known to show elevated levels of human Aβ by 6–7 months and impaired memory after 8 months of age. EPPS restores cognitive function of APP/PS1 mice within 4 weeks Aged APP/PS1 model mice (male, 50 weeks of age) and their age-matching wild-type (WT, n = 11) controls were used in this study. of questions are 225.We also measured the levels of Aβ plaques and oligomers by histochemistry and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There are 15 variables in Edward Personal Preference Sechdule and total no. The Personality Research Form and the Jackson Personality Inventory are also structured personality tests based on Murray’s theory of needs but were constructed slightly different than the EPPS in hopes to increase validity. According to Murray, these psychogenic needs function mostly on the unconscious level, but play a major role in our personality. While some needs are temporary and changing, other needs are more deeply seated in our nature. Theories of personality based upon needs and motives suggest that our personalities are a reflection of behaviors controlled by needs. Murray described a needs as a potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances. it is useful in counseling situations when responses are reviewed with the examinee.Īmerican psychologist Henry Murray developed a theory of personality that was organized in terms of motives, presses, and needs. The Edward Personal Preference Schedules (EPPS) was designed to illustrate relative importance to the individual of several significant needs and motives. Edwards, who revolutionized psychology research with novel statistical techniques, derived the test content from the human needs system theory proposed by Henry Alexander Murray, which measures the rating of individuals in fifteen normal needs or motives. The target audience in between the ages of 16-85 and takes about 45 minutes to complete. Edwards, the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) is a forced choice, objective, non-projective personality inventory. This schedule consist of pairs of statement about things in a person may or may not like about ways in which you may or may not feel. Edward in 1953 first time and second time revised in 1954 and then last time in 1959. Edward personal preference schedules is a personality test introduced by Allen L.
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